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But another major reason is the rapid growth of the fishmeal and fish oil industry, often abbreviated to FMFO, which targets small and inexpensive fish, the only varieties the poor can afford. Fishmeal is a product made from small fish, typically in the form of pellets or powder, which is used as feed for farmed shrimp, prawn, fish and other animals.
Fish oil, meanwhile, is oil extracted from fish tissue, and may be processed for human consumption, as well as used in the manufacture of feed for animals. But over the last decade, a shrimp farming boom in Andhra Pradesh, particularly of the vannamei, or Pacific whiteleg shrimp, has created a huge demand for fish feed. Successive political leaders encouraged the aquaculture industry, and vast tracts of agricultural land were diverted to it.
P Jaya Rao, Deputy Director of Fisheries, Amalapuram, East Godavari district, explained that the wide availability of brackish water was the main reason behind the huge growth of aquaculture in the state. Karnataka hosts the highest number of these plants, followed by Tamil Nadu.
Several multinational aquafeed giants have set up shop in India recently. This has had a major impact on the dried fish trade, according to Amalendu Jyotishi, an economist at the School of Development, Azim Premji University, Bengaluru, who has analysed the utilisation of marine fish in India.
It has had a considerable impact on their livelihoods, even as they endure increased climate stress and falling incomes from small-scale fishing. Alienating small scale processors like Bhagyam has serious implications, not just on their livelihoods, but on the nutrition of marginalised communities across India. India utilised 1. As a report in the journal Samudra Report by Jyotishi, along with Joeri Scholtens and Karuppiah Subramanian, estimates, this fish would be sufficient to meet the iron and zinc requirements of 35 million children, in a country that has the highest number of wasted children.
This story is part of Common Ground , our new in-depth and investigative reporting project. Sign up here to get a fresh story in your inbox every Wednesday. Seventy-five-year-old Alamelu is among those whose livelihoods have been disrupted by the decline in the dried fish trade. Alamelu is known in this area as puli, tiger in Tamil, for her fine swimming skills — though the name might also refer to her reputation as a moneylender.
Over the years, she built a successful small-scale dried fish business, and made enough profits to start a lending business on the side. For Rs 10,, she charges a steep interest of Rs 1, a week. Now, her business is declining. On the day we met her, she had bought 20 kg of catfish for Rs The sale of this fish would earn her a profit of between Rs and Rs , after paying for labour. The skills of drying fish that she learnt as a child came to her rescue: gutting the fish, then mixing them with salt and covering them with gunny sacks, and then putting them out to dry 24 hours later.
She joined her aunt Kanni Manickam, who sold dried fish to sustain herself and her four children. But these days, Manickam is worried about whether the business can sustain her household. Earlier, fish was sold by the tub — at prices ranging from between Rs 50 to Rs for between 15 kg and 20 kg of fish.
Since the boom of the FMFO industry, fish has been largely sold by the kilogram. Dried fish trader Kanni Manickam sets out a stock of ribbonfish to dry. Rising costs and falling profits mean Manickam cannot afford to hire the labour she needs to help her with her work. Photo: Shamsheer Yousaf FMFO firms, as well as seafood companies that supply fish to them, skip traditional auctions with upfront payments, explained Karuppiah Subramanian, a researcher who has studied fisheries in Tamil Nadu for 25 years and is now pursuing a PhD at the University of Amsterdam.
A local resident claimed that Kalai Auqua owned 40 trucks and 80 minivans to transport fish from the harbour. We phoned and sent text messages to the company to confirm this figure, but had not heard back from them at the time of publication. Phone calls and text messages to NPS and Golden Fish Meal to confirm the link did not elicit a response at the time of publication. Another casualty of the growth of the FMFO industry is the collapse of the informal credit system.
Traditionally, local women got fish from boatowners and paid them after selling the fish and making a profit. This arrangement no longer works, with FMFO companies offering boatowners upfront payments, and even advances before they set out fishing, to book their catch. All these changes have caused a reduction in the overall processing of dried fish.
To get access to fish at a lower price, women need to buy larger quantities of fish and pay the boat owner quickly. On the day we met her, Manickam bought kg of fish to dry. But she is unsure about survival, even after 50 years in the business. Dried fish processors in other parts of India are facing similar challenges.
However, the paper attributes this to the increased longevity of fresh fish with freezing, rather than to the FMFO industry. Labourers are also bearing the impact of this decline. When we met her, it was afternoon and she was toiling away under the harsh sun. The only break she had taken was for a lunch of five idlis, for Rs Her shoulder ached and she had trouble lifting her right arm, but she had to work till 5 pm. Ammal has been working as a labourer for 30 years. A childless widow from the hamlet of Sonankuppam, she has no immediate family to support her.
On some days, a relative in the dried fish business hires her, paying Rs She is hard of hearing, and comprehended us by reading lips through her thick spectacles. When we asked how she managed with such irregular work, which was also laborious and low-paying, she merely looked up at the sky and gestured to it with both hands.
Another woman with the same name, Ponna Ammal, nicknamed chinna pulla — little girl in Tamil, for her short stature — was also in a predicament. Her husband abandoned her many years ago when he married another woman. Workers load marine catch onto trucks marked with the name of a seafood company. The shrimp industry boom has led to seafood firms selling large quantities of "food fish" to fishmeal firms.
Photo: Monica Jha The fishmeal industry disputes that it is hoarding fish. But, a lot of what they catch is bycatch — non-food grade fish, damaged or spoiled fish, juveniles, etc. Throwing it back will pollute the ocean. Local people rely on locally caught fish for their protein needs, and it is becoming harder for them to compete within the new system.
At Cuddalore, we witnessed FMFO trucks lining up for many hours, each being loaded with several crates of fish, mostly small fish. Not once did we notice the operators of the truck paying particular attention to the size or species of the fish or rejecting a batch of fish based on these considerations. Indeed, Jyotishi found that the boom in the FMFO industry encouraged indiscriminate fishing in the sea. We emailed IFFO to ask about the concerns over its role as a certification agency, but had not received any response at the time of publication.
Sait said the FMFO industry was inclined towards sustainable practices. On January 1, , the Marine Products Export Development Authority brought in a moratorium on the registration of new fishmeal or oil units as well as expansion of the production capacity of existing units.
It will basically ring the death knell for the country's fast-growing digital media sector. Firstly, there is no need for licensing of internet based communication service providers. To suggest such a move further points towards the TRAI consultation being tilted in favour of telecom operators. Secondly, fundamentally both Internet-based communication services and non-communication services are the same.
They sit on top of the network provided by telecom operators. And the spectrum that telecom operators utilise to offer this network on pipe is already licensed, hence there is no need for additional licensing. This issue also needs to be looked at from another perspective. Many non-communication services on the Internet also offer real-time chat or video interaction features for the benefit of customers, which will be affected by bringing such services under a licensing regime.
The extent of innovation we have witnessed over the years has been greatly aided by the low cost of entry. Any form of regulation or licensing will increase the entry cost, thereby hindering innovation and equal opportunity to startups to establish themselves in the market. Behind every Zoho, WhatsApp and Skype there are numerous failures. Licensing will essentially increase the cost and likelihood of failure - and greatly discourage innovation.
If so, is the increase in data revenues of the Telecom Operators sufficient to compensate for this impact? Please comment with reasons. There is no evidence of data revenues cannibalizing revenues from voice or SMS. In fact, data usage is soaring and it is driving the demand for telecom networks. Services such as Skype and WhatsApp have specific use cases. They are not, and should not be, considered as substitutes to voice calling or SMS.
Customers should be free to pick and choose among these. There is still no concrete evidence suggesting that the decline in the revenues from messaging and voice calling is due to the growth of revenues from data services, and statements from experts and industry experts appear to in fact point to there being no cannibalization of revenues.
And so it is not really material as we look at it. If yes, what pricing options can be adopted? Could such options include prices based on bandwidth consumption? Forcing Internet-based services to pay extra for using a particular network negatively impact consumers and harm the Indian digital ecosystem. As mentioned in the above answer, data revenues of Indian telecom operators is already on an upswing and is slated to increase rapidly over the next few years, hence the argument for creating a new revenue source is not justified.
Charging users extra for specific apps or services will overburden them, which in turn will lead to them not using the services at all. It is also akin to breaking up the Internet into pieces, which is fundamentally against what Net Neutrality stands for. Also, the Internet depends on interconnectivity and the users being able to have seamless experience - differential pricing will destroy the very basic tenets of the Internet.
If so, what should be the framework to address these issues? What could be the impact on the economy? Firstly, there is no regulatory imbalance in regards to Internet-based services and apps. It is the telecom operators who own spectrum, which is a public resource, and hence need to be licensed. Telecom operators provided the pipe or network on top of which Internet services exist.
It also needs to be pointed out that Internet services are already covered by the Information Technology Act, and the Indian Penal Code. In fact, this was the exact argument telecom operators had earlier made while stating their case for not regulating mobile value added services MVAS , which in essence is quite similar Internet-based services.
Question 6: How should the security concerns be addressed with regard to OTT players providing communication services? What security conditions such as maintaining data records, logs etc. And, how can compliance with these conditions be ensured if the applications of such OTT players reside outside the country?
The internet services and apps are well-covered under the existing laws and regulations. These different regulations allow the Indian government and law enforcement agencies to access the data stored by internet platforms when deemed legally necessary. Any additional regulations carry grave risk of breaching user privacy and would also require constitutional review - especially since the Government is still working on a proposed Privacy Bill.
The government and courts also have the power to block access to websites on the grounds of national security and public order. It has taken similar steps in the past and has been widely reported by the media. The transparency reports periodically published by major internet companies suggests Indian government routinely requests for user data and blocking of user accounts.
Between July and December , Indian authorities had 5, requests for data, covering 7, user accounts from Facebook and the company had a compliance rate of Question 7: How should the OTT players offering app services ensure security, safety and privacy of the consumer?
How should they ensure protection of consumer interest? The Information Technology Act, already addresses the security concerns of the user. But more importantly, any criminal act committed using these platforms can be tried under the Indian Penal Code. So, there is no need to burden the internet platforms with additional regulations.
Also, it is worth noting that many telecom companies in India have not made information publicly available as to whether and how they comply with regulations that guarantee security, privacy and safety of the customer. And, what practices should be proscribed by regulatory fiat?
Understandably, the suggestions made by ETNO heavily favor the telecom companies and will be detrimental to customers if India refers to their suggestions. For a small but fast growing startup and digital media sector in India, this can potentially ring the death knell. It is therefore especially troubling that TRAI is choosing to make one of their proposals a pillar of this public consultation here in India. Question 9: What are your views on net-neutrality in the Indian context?
How should the various principles discussed in para 5. Net Neutrality, by definition, means no discrimination of traffic flowing on the internet with respect to speed, access and price. Chile and Brazil, which are developing countries just like India, have passed laws supporting net neutrality.
This is in addition to government commitments to implement net neutrality legislation in the United States and European Union. India has 1 billion people without internet access and it is imperative for our democracy to have an open and free internet where users are free to choose the services they want to access—instead of a telecom operator deciding what information they can access.
That will only happen of entrepreneurs, big and small, have a level playing field that encourages innovation and non-preferential treatment—something that net neutrality ensures. Assuming there is no net neutrality, only the big players will be able to strike deals with telcos while the smaller players remain inaccessible, which will go against the principles of net neutrality as listed below: No blocking by TSPs and ISPs on specific forms of internet traffic, services and applications.
It is also worth noting that the proposed framework will give too much power in the hands of the telecom companies, which is not healthy for the ecosystem. Question What forms of discrimination or traffic management practices are reasonable and consistent with a pragmatic approach?
What should or can be permitted? This question assumes that traffic discrimination is necessary and is a norm. Rather, traffic discrimination should be an exception as it is against the principles of net neutrality. The report noted that telecom operators were most inclined to block and throttle P2P services on mobile as well as fixed line networks.
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Please keep improving. Reviewer: kishan - favoritefavoritefavorite - March 30, Subject: Clearer picture Dear, Thank you for your effort. Kindly provide us a more clearer picture. Also we expect more clippings. It is a great help for us to get an opprotunity to have it atleast on the website. Thanks and regards Reviewer: Kumaravel - favoritefavoritefavoritefavoritefavorite - March 29, Subject: Thank you very much for the best Efforts At present i am in delhi.
I unable to go aliyar. Now i felt i am in aliyar. I like to convey my thanks to all. We have to apply technology for peace as like this. In this momemnt onwards, we will take responsiblity to do more for world peace. Vazhga Valamudan. Thank you very much for Adding Swamiji's final vido clip. I am in Chennai India , but i am not in a position to attend the Swamiji's final moments, so i worried so much.
Now i got the video clip of Swamiji's final moments and satisfied. Video clip avilable this site. I really feel its great job. Need to add for more video clips. I would say that if we have some more pictures with more clarity that would be really helpful. Reviewer: Francis Xavier - favoritefavoritefavoritefavoritefavorite - March 29, Subject: Heartful thanks for your Effort Thanks a lot for your efforts.
I have been regularly following since then. On Thursday, I learnt my lesson on Blessings, especially knowing the power of simple Mahamantra - Vaazhga Valamudan, Vaazhga Vaiyagam - my personal peace improves, family harmony improves. Friday and Saturday, I did some extremely hard work in our backyard, involves scrubbing very deep pockets of mold stuck to the patio stones.
Both days, I was determined to just simply use a normal scrub brush, hot heeding to my wife's advice of engaging a handyman repair services man , since they would bring equipment which use high pressure hot water to aim at the mold, thereby it gets cleared very fast. Just simple lifestyle. Conserve water, and fuel that is used in plenty by those equipment. Friday's cleaning session took leave from office that day, I do that some times simply to spend time at home , I must have cleaned maybe about 30 stones, each stone is about 1 ft x 2 ft size.
I was constantly taking help from my wife for emptying the dirty water, replace it with fresh water. That pause gave me some rest in between. This would have lasted about Saturday, did some other work in the AM, had to resume this cleaning work again, because there were 30 more stones to clean the mold from.
The Sky mantra suddenly came to my mind. Rest was magic. The entire stretch of the 30 stones area, I cleaned all by myself, with very minimal help from my wife for water replacement. All through, I was quietly uttering the Mantra myself, somehow the body regained so much energy, to finish the whole work, with much less time than the earlier day. Per common logic, having worked so hard just the previous day, the body was still recovering, it would be impossible to do just as much work.
As IT people, our stamina is not anywhere within the normal range. On the contrary, uttering the Mantra proved me wrong, and it ensured that I didn't have to stop. Not surprisingly, my body started aching really badly the rest of the evening. Some rest. And then, I accompanied my family on their daily walk, which I had not been joining almost for a month.
Thanks to getting into a rhythm of practicing Daily meditation, I resumed that walking routine all contributing toward enhanced family harmony , to the pleasant surprise of my family actually.
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